The main intent of the tidycensus package is to return population characteristics of the United States in tidy format allowing for integration with simple feature geometries. Its intent is not, and has never been, to wrap the universe of APIs and datasets available from the US Census Bureau. For datasets not included in tidycensus, I recommend Hannah Recht’s censusapi package (https://github.com/hrecht/censusapi), which allows R users to access all Census APIs, and packages such as Jamaal Green’s lehdr package (https://github.com/jamgreen/lehdr) which grants R users access to Census Bureau LODES data.

However, tidycensus incorporates a select number of Census Bureau datasets outside the decennial Census and ACS that are aligned with the basic goals of the package. One such dataset is the Population Estimates API, which includes information on a wide variety of population characteristics that is updated annually. Also available through tidycensus is the Migration Flows API, which estimates the number of people that have moved between pairs of places in a given year.

Population estimates

Population estimates are available in tidycensus through the get_estimates() function. Estimates are organized into products, which in tidycensus include "population", "components", "housing", and "characteristics". The population and housing products contain population/density and housing unit estimates, respectively. The components of change and characteristics products, in contrast, include a wider range of possible variables.

The post-2020 Population Estimates are no longer on the Census API, but they are downloadable and usable in tidycensus. Follow the guide below for some examples.

Components of change population estimates

By default, specifying "population", "components", or "housing" (housing is not available for 2020 and later) as the product in get_estimates() returns all variables associated with that component. For example, we can request all components of change variables for US states in 2023:

library(tidycensus)
library(tidyverse)
library(tigris)
options(tigris_use_cache = TRUE)

us_components <- get_estimates(geography = "state", product = "components", vintage = 2023)

us_components
## # A tibble: 676 × 5
##    GEOID NAME    variable          year     value
##    <chr> <chr>   <chr>            <int>     <dbl>
##  1 01    Alabama BIRTHS            2023 58251    
##  2 01    Alabama DEATHS            2023 59813    
##  3 01    Alabama NATURALCHG        2023 -1562    
##  4 01    Alabama INTERNATIONALMIG  2023  5384    
##  5 01    Alabama DOMESTICMIG       2023 30744    
##  6 01    Alabama NETMIG            2023 36128    
##  7 01    Alabama RESIDUAL          2023    -1    
##  8 01    Alabama RBIRTH            2023    11.4  
##  9 01    Alabama RDEATH            2023    11.7  
## 10 01    Alabama RNATURALCHG       2023    -0.307
## # ℹ 666 more rows

The variables included in the components of change product consist of both estimates of counts and rates. Rates are preceded by an R in the variable name and are calculated per 1000 residents.

unique(us_components$variable)
##  [1] "BIRTHS"            "DEATHS"            "NATURALCHG"       
##  [4] "INTERNATIONALMIG"  "DOMESTICMIG"       "NETMIG"           
##  [7] "RESIDUAL"          "RBIRTH"            "RDEATH"           
## [10] "RNATURALCHG"       "RINTERNATIONALMIG" "RDOMESTICMIG"     
## [13] "RNETMIG"

Available geographies include "us", "state", "county", "metropolitan statistical area/micropolitan statistical area" or "cbsa", "combined statistical area", and "place".

If desired, users can request a specific component or components by supplying a character vector to the variables parameter, as in other tidycensus functions. get_estimates() also supports simple feature geometry integration to facilitate mapping. In the example below, we’ll acquire data on the net migration rate between 2022 and 2023 for all counties in the United States. We’ll also use the shift_geometry() function from the tigris package to shift and rescale counties outside the continental US for national mapping.

net_migration <- get_estimates(geography = "county",
                               variables = "RNETMIG",
                               vintage = 2023,
                               geometry = TRUE,
                               resolution = "20m") %>%
  shift_geometry()

net_migration
## Simple feature collection with 3144 features and 5 fields
## Geometry type: GEOMETRY
## Dimension:     XY
## Bounding box:  xmin: -3112200 ymin: -1697728 xmax: 2258154 ymax: 1558935
## Projected CRS: USA_Contiguous_Albers_Equal_Area_Conic
## # A tibble: 3,144 × 6
##    GEOID NAME                    variable  year  value                  geometry
##    <chr> <chr>                   <chr>    <int>  <dbl>        <MULTIPOLYGON [m]>
##  1 17127 Massac County, Illinois RNETMIG   2023 -0.582 (((620306.9 994.4699, 62…
##  2 27017 Carlton County, Minnes… RNETMIG   2023  9.57  (((225299.4 1038545, 283…
##  3 37181 Vance County, North Ca… RNETMIG   2023  6.06  (((1544259 32180.06, 154…
##  4 47079 Henry County, Tennessee RNETMIG   2023 11.6   (((663474.2 -85746.62, 6…
##  5 06021 Glenn County, Californ… RNETMIG   2023 -9.17  (((-2253309 578922.1, -2…
##  6 17093 Kendall County, Illino… RNETMIG   2023 12.1   (((610436.7 496523.1, 63…
##  7 19095 Iowa County, Iowa       RNETMIG   2023 -5.60  (((305057 494717.2, 3435…
##  8 22003 Allen Parish, Louisiana RNETMIG   2023 -3.69  (((274501 -766852.4, 289…
##  9 18055 Greene County, Indiana  RNETMIG   2023  6.84  (((748725.5 221905.9, 76…
## 10 33001 Belknap County, New Ha… RNETMIG   2023 10.7   (((1931026 926777.5, 193…
## # ℹ 3,134 more rows

We’ll next use tidyverse tools to generate a groups column that bins the net migration rates into comprehensible categories, and plot the result using geom_sf() and ggplot2.

library(showtext)
font_add_google("Roboto")
showtext_auto()

order = c("-15 and below", "-15 to -5", "-5 to +5", "+5 to +15", "+15 and up")

net_migration <- net_migration %>%
  mutate(groups = case_when(
    value > 15 ~ "+15 and up",
    value > 5 ~ "+5 to +15",
    value > -5 ~ "-5 to +5",
    value > -15 ~ "-15 to -5",
    TRUE ~ "-15 and below"
  )) %>%
  mutate(groups = factor(groups, levels = order))

state_overlay <- states(
  cb = TRUE,
  resolution = "20m"
) %>%
  filter(GEOID != "72") %>%
  shift_geometry()

ggplot() +
  geom_sf(data = net_migration, aes(fill = groups, color = groups), size = 0.1) +
  geom_sf(data = state_overlay, fill = NA, color = "black", size = 0.1) +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "PuOr", direction = -1) +
  scale_color_brewer(palette = "PuOr", direction = -1, guide = FALSE) +
  coord_sf(datum = NA) +
  theme_minimal(base_family = "Roboto", base_size = 18) +
  labs(title = "Net migration per 1000 residents by county",
       subtitle = "US Census Bureau 2023 Population Estimates",
       fill = "Rate",
       caption = "Data acquired with the R tidycensus package | @kyle_e_walker")

Estimates of population characteristics

The fourth population estimates product available in get_estimates(), "characteristics", is formatted differently than the other three. It returns population estimates broken down by categories of AGEGROUP, SEX, RACE, and HISP, for Hispanic origin. Requested breakdowns should be specified as a character vector supplied to the breakdown parameter when the product is set to "characteristics".

By default, the returned categories are formatted as integers that map onto the Census Bureau definitions explained here: https://www.census.gov/data/developers/data-sets/popest-popproj/popest/popest-vars/2017.html. However, by specifying breakdown_labels = TRUE, the function will return the appropriate labels instead. For example:

la_age_hisp <- get_estimates(geography = "county", 
                             product = "characteristics", 
                             breakdown = c("SEX", "AGEGROUP", "HISP"),  
                             breakdown_labels = TRUE, 
                             state = "CA", 
                             county = "Los Angeles",
                             vintage = 2023)

la_age_hisp
## # A tibble: 114 × 7
##    GEOID NAME                            year SEX   AGEGROUP        HISP   value
##    <chr> <chr>                          <int> <chr> <fct>           <chr>  <dbl>
##  1 06037 Los Angeles County, California  2023 Male  All ages        Both… 4.78e6
##  2 06037 Los Angeles County, California  2023 Male  All ages        Non-… 2.44e6
##  3 06037 Los Angeles County, California  2023 Male  All ages        Hisp… 2.35e6
##  4 06037 Los Angeles County, California  2023 Male  Age 0 to 4 yea… Both… 2.43e5
##  5 06037 Los Angeles County, California  2023 Male  Age 0 to 4 yea… Non-… 1.02e5
##  6 06037 Los Angeles County, California  2023 Male  Age 0 to 4 yea… Hisp… 1.41e5
##  7 06037 Los Angeles County, California  2023 Male  Age 5 to 9 yea… Both… 2.77e5
##  8 06037 Los Angeles County, California  2023 Male  Age 5 to 9 yea… Non-… 1.20e5
##  9 06037 Los Angeles County, California  2023 Male  Age 5 to 9 yea… Hisp… 1.57e5
## 10 06037 Los Angeles County, California  2023 Male  Age 10 to 14 y… Both… 2.93e5
## # ℹ 104 more rows

With some additional data wrangling, the returned format facilitates analysis and visualization. For example, we can compare population pyramids for Hispanic and non-Hispanic populations in Los Angeles County:

compare <- filter(la_age_hisp, str_detect(AGEGROUP, "^Age"), 
                  HISP != "Both Hispanic Origins", 
                  SEX != "Both sexes") %>%
  mutate(value = ifelse(SEX == "Male", -value, value))

ggplot(compare, aes(x = AGEGROUP, y = value, fill = SEX)) + 
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", width = 1) + 
  theme_minimal(base_family = "Roboto") + 
  scale_y_continuous(labels = function(y) paste0(abs(y / 1000), "k")) + 
  scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) gsub("Age | years", "", x)) + 
  scale_fill_manual(values = c("darkred", "navy")) + 
  coord_flip() + 
  facet_wrap(~HISP) + 
  labs(x = "", 
       y = "2023 Census Bureau population estimate", 
       title = "Population structure by Hispanic origin", 
       subtitle = "Los Angeles County, California", 
       fill = "", 
       caption = "Data source: US Census Bureau population estimates & tidycensus R package")

Migration flows

The American Community Survey Migration Flows dataset estimates the number of people that have moved between pairs of places. The estimates are calculated based on where a person lived when surveyed and where they lived one year prior to being surveyed. The data is available at three geographic levels: county, county subdivision (minor civil division), and metropolitan statistical area (MSA). Because the number of movers may be small for some pairs of counties, the data is aggregated over a five-year period. The estimates for each five-year period represent the number of people that moved between places each year during that period.

The data is set up such that for each county, you can find the number of people that moved to that county from each of the other counties in the US as well as the number of people that moved from that county to each of the other counties. The net migration for each pair of counties is also provided (although this is simply the moved to minus moved from).

Using get_flows()

The get_flows() function from tidycensus provides access to these estimates. The only required argument for get_flows() is geography, which can be set to "county", "county subdivision", or "metropolitan statistical area". If geography is set to "county" and no other arguments are set, data for all pairs of counties is pulled from the Census API. This is a large data request as it will get all combinations of counties that had movers. More commonly, you might be interested in knowing the flows in and out of one county, county subdivision, or MSA. In this case, you can specify the state and county or MSA.

Here we get county-to-county flow data for Westchester County, NY:

wch_flows <- get_flows(
  geography = "county",
  state = "NY",
  county = "Westchester",
  year = 2018
  )

wch_flows %>% 
  filter(!is.na(GEOID2)) %>% 
  head()
## # A tibble: 6 × 7
##   GEOID1 GEOID2 FULL1_NAME                   FULL2_NAME  variable estimate   moe
##   <chr>  <chr>  <chr>                        <chr>       <chr>       <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 36119  01089  Westchester County, New York Madison Co… MOVEDIN         0    28
## 2 36119  01089  Westchester County, New York Madison Co… MOVEDOUT       26    41
## 3 36119  01089  Westchester County, New York Madison Co… MOVEDNET      -26    41
## 4 36119  01095  Westchester County, New York Marshall C… MOVEDIN         0    28
## 5 36119  01095  Westchester County, New York Marshall C… MOVEDOUT       35    55
## 6 36119  01095  Westchester County, New York Marshall C… MOVEDNET      -35    55

With the default setting of get_flows(), data is returned in a “tidy” or long format. Notice that for each pair of places, there are three rows returned with one row for each variable (MOVEDIN, MOVEDOUT, and MOVEDNET) and the the estimate and margin of error for these variables are in columns. GEOID1 and FULL1_NAME are the FIPS code and name of the origin county. In this case, it will also be Westchester County since that is the only county we requested. GEOID2 and FULL2_NAME are the FIPS code and name of the destination county.

One simple question we can answer with this data is, to which county did the most people move from Westchester?

wch_flows %>% 
  filter(variable == "MOVEDOUT") %>% 
  arrange(desc(estimate)) %>% 
  head()
## # A tibble: 6 × 7
##   GEOID1 GEOID2 FULL1_NAME                   FULL2_NAME  variable estimate   moe
##   <chr>  <chr>  <chr>                        <chr>       <chr>       <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 36119  09001  Westchester County, New York Fairfield … MOVEDOUT     3916   778
## 2 36119  36061  Westchester County, New York New York C… MOVEDOUT     3328   596
## 3 36119  36005  Westchester County, New York Bronx Coun… MOVEDOUT     2063   418
## 4 36119  36027  Westchester County, New York Dutchess C… MOVEDOUT     1870   454
## 5 36119  36079  Westchester County, New York Putnam Cou… MOVEDOUT     1318   324
## 6 36119  36081  Westchester County, New York Queens Cou… MOVEDOUT     1082   240

The MOVEDOUT variable only estimates the number of people that moved out of Westchester County and doesn’t account for the number of people that moved in to Westchester from each county. If you are interested in net migration (moved in - moved out), you can use the MOVEDNET variable.

wch_flows %>% 
  filter(variable == "MOVEDNET") %>% 
  arrange(estimate) %>% 
  head()
## # A tibble: 6 × 7
##   GEOID1 GEOID2 FULL1_NAME                   FULL2_NAME  variable estimate   moe
##   <chr>  <chr>  <chr>                        <chr>       <chr>       <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 36119  09001  Westchester County, New York Fairfield … MOVEDNET    -1768   958
## 2 36119  36027  Westchester County, New York Dutchess C… MOVEDNET    -1119   497
## 3 36119  06037  Westchester County, New York Los Angele… MOVEDNET     -486   339
## 4 36119  12099  Westchester County, New York Palm Beach… MOVEDNET     -450   182
## 5 36119  25021  Westchester County, New York Norfolk Co… MOVEDNET     -358   351
## 6 36119  36079  Westchester County, New York Putnam Cou… MOVEDNET     -340   407

You may have noticed that there are some destination geographies that are not other counties. For people that moved into to Westchester from outside the United States, the Migration Flows data reports the region that they moved from, such as Africa or Asia. Since this dataset is based on the American Community Survey, there is no way of knowing how many people moved out of the United States, so for all pairs of US to non-US places, the value of MOVEDOUT and MOVEDNET is NA. The GEOID of non-US places is also NA.

wch_flows %>% 
  filter(is.na(GEOID2)) %>% 
  head()
## # A tibble: 6 × 7
##   GEOID1 GEOID2 FULL1_NAME                   FULL2_NAME variable estimate   moe
##   <chr>  <chr>  <chr>                        <chr>      <chr>       <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 36119  NA     Westchester County, New York Africa     MOVEDIN       419   411
## 2 36119  NA     Westchester County, New York Africa     MOVEDOUT       NA    NA
## 3 36119  NA     Westchester County, New York Africa     MOVEDNET       NA    NA
## 4 36119  NA     Westchester County, New York Asia       MOVEDIN      2267   436
## 5 36119  NA     Westchester County, New York Asia       MOVEDOUT       NA    NA
## 6 36119  NA     Westchester County, New York Asia       MOVEDNET       NA    NA

Demographic characteristics

Datasets between 2006-2010 and 2011-2015 have the ability to cross flow data with selected demographic characteristics such as age, race, employment status. For instance, the following call will get the number of movers to and from the Los Angeles-Long Beach Metro Area by race.

la_flows <- get_flows(
  geography = "metropolitan statistical area",
  breakdown = "RACE",
  breakdown_labels = TRUE,
  msa = 31080,   # los angeles msa fips code
  year = 2015
  )

# net migration between la and san francisco
la_flows %>% 
  filter(str_detect(FULL2_NAME, "San Fran"), variable == "MOVEDNET")
## # A tibble: 5 × 9
##   GEOID1 GEOID2 FULL1_NAME   FULL2_NAME RACE  RACE_label variable estimate   moe
##   <chr>  <chr>  <chr>        <chr>      <chr> <chr>      <chr>       <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 31080  41860  Los Angeles… San Franc… 00    All races  MOVEDNET    -2433  1585
## 2 31080  41860  Los Angeles… San Franc… 01    White alo… MOVEDNET    -1077  1096
## 3 31080  41860  Los Angeles… San Franc… 02    Black or … MOVEDNET       98   378
## 4 31080  41860  Los Angeles… San Franc… 03    Asian alo… MOVEDNET     -580   778
## 5 31080  41860  Los Angeles… San Franc… 04    Other rac… MOVEDNET     -874   549

Note that the demographic characteristics must be specified in the breakdown argument of get_flows() (not the variable argument). For each dataset there are three or four demographic characteristics to choose from. For more information and to see which characteristics are available in each year, visit the Census Migration Flows documentation.

Mapping migration flows

An additional feature of get_flows() is an option to return spatial data associated with each place. In contrast to other spatial data available through tidycensus, get_flows() returns point rather than polygon geometry. To get geometry with the flows data, set geometry = TRUE. The return of get_flows() will now be an sf object with the centroids of both origin and destination as sfc_POINT columns. The origin point feature is returned in a column named centroid1 and is the active geometry column in the sf object. The destination point feature is returned in the centroid2 column.

phx_flows <- get_flows(
  geography = "metropolitan statistical area",
  msa = 38060,
  year = 2018,
  geometry = TRUE
  )

phx_flows %>% 
  head()
## Simple feature collection with 6 features and 7 fields
## Active geometry column: centroid1
## Geometry type: POINT
## Dimension:     XY
## Bounding box:  xmin: -112.0705 ymin: 33.18571 xmax: -112.0705 ymax: 33.18571
## Geodetic CRS:  NAD83
## # A tibble: 6 × 9
##   GEOID1 GEOID2 FULL1_NAME                    FULL2_NAME variable estimate   moe
##   <chr>  <chr>  <chr>                         <chr>      <chr>       <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 38060  NA     Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ … Outside M… MOVEDIN     21602  1464
## 2 38060  NA     Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ … Outside M… MOVEDOUT    21192  1559
## 3 38060  NA     Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ … Outside M… MOVEDNET      410  2186
## 4 38060  NA     Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ … Africa     MOVEDIN      1078   385
## 5 38060  NA     Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ … Africa     MOVEDOUT       NA    NA
## 6 38060  NA     Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ … Africa     MOVEDNET       NA    NA
## # ℹ 2 more variables: centroid1 <POINT [°]>, centroid2 <POINT [°]>

With the centroids attached to each pair of places, it is straightforward to map the migration flows. Here, we look at the most common origin MSAs for people moving to Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ. To make an interactive map of the flows, we’ll use the excellent mapdeck package. To use mapdeck, you’ll need a Mapbox account and access token.

library(mapdeck)

top_move_in <- phx_flows %>% 
  filter(!is.na(GEOID2), variable == "MOVEDIN") %>% 
  slice_max(n = 25, order_by = estimate) %>% 
  mutate(
    width = estimate / 500,
    tooltip = paste0(
      scales::comma(estimate * 5, 1),
      " people moved from ", str_remove(FULL2_NAME, "Metro Area"),
      " to ", str_remove(FULL1_NAME, "Metro Area"), " between 2014 and 2018"
      )
    )

top_move_in %>% 
  mapdeck(style = mapdeck_style("dark"), pitch = 45) %>% 
  add_arc(
    origin = "centroid1",
    destination = "centroid2",
    stroke_width = "width",
    auto_highlight = TRUE,
    highlight_colour = "#8c43facc",
    tooltip = "tooltip"
  )

Migration Flow map showingpeople moving to Phoenix with arcs from the top 25 Metro areas whose width represents the number of people moving